Environment and related trade

In 2024, global exports of non-plastic substitutes reached $484 billion, down from their 2022 peak of $563 billion. This decline broadly mirrors the recent moderation in global plastics trade.

Despite the decline from its recent peak, trade in non-plastic substitutes remains substantial. As sustainability considerations increasingly shape production, trade and consumption, non-plastic substitutes remain a relevant component of global trade.

Developed economies accounted for 58% of global exports of non-plastic substitutes in 2024, while developing economies accounted for the remaining 42%. Since 2016, exports from developing economies have grown at an average annual rate of 4.5%, highlighting their continued participation in global markets.

Geographically, Europe and Asia accounted for the largest shares of global exports, at 38% and 33%, respectively, reflecting the significant role of intra-regional trade in non-plastic substitutes. 

Africa accounted for around 3% of global exports, indicating potential for greater participation in global trade in non-plastic substitutes.

Raw materials accounted for nearly two thirds of global non-plastic substitutes trade in 2024. These are primarily minerals and natural fibres derived from forestry and agricultural resources, as well as seaweed.

Processed products accounted for the remaining 35%, with exports reaching $170 billion out of a total of $484 billion. This distribution highlights the continued importance of raw materials in non-plastic substitutes trade, while also pointing to the potential for greater value addition in the sector.